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Moscow (Russia) (Russian Moskva), capital and largest city of Russia, capital of Moscow Oblast, and the country's leading political, cultural, economic, and transportation center. Moscow lies on the Moscow River in the west central European part of Russia. The Russian emperors, or tsars, made Moscow their base of rule until 1712, when the capital was moved to Saint Petersburg. Moscow was restored as Russia's capital in 1918, and it served as the capital of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 until 1991. Moscow is laid out in a series of concentric rings that center on the original medieval fortress, the Kremlin. The encircling wide boulevards—the Boulevard Ring, Garden Ring, and Outer Ring Road—delineate the historic expansion of the city's fortifications. Like spokes of a wheel, 14 main transportation axes radiate from the center. The Moscow River winds its way from northwest to southeast through the city, reaching a width of 244 m (800 ft) in some places. The central and eastern parts of the city lie in the river valley, and in the southwest the Sparrow Hills (formerly the Lenin Hills) rise to more than 200 m (656 ft). The area of Moscow expanded to 885 sq km (342 sq mi) in 1960, when the city limits were extended to coincide with the Outer Ring Road. The city expanded slightly through suburban annexation in the 1980s, reaching 994 sq km (384 sq mi) for the city proper and 1062 sq km (410 sq mi) for the metropolitan area. Moscow proper had a population (1995) of 10,666,935. The city's annual growth rate slowed significantly between 1970 and 1990—from 1.21 percent to .26 percent—in part because of declining birthrates. Moscow attracts people in search of jobs, better living conditions, and the excitement of the city; it also serves as a stopover point for many of those leaving the country. Russians are the largest ethnic group in Moscow. There are also sizable numbers of Jews (considered both an ethnic and religious group in Russia), Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Tatars, as well as increasing numbers of non-Russian refugees and other immigrants from Afghanistan, Caucasia, the Baltic States, and Central Asia. Orthodox Christianity is the predominant religion in Moscow. The city also has communities of Protestants, Muslims, Jews, and Roman Catholics. Russian is the first language of most Muscovites, or residents of Moscow.
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